Intron Prediction Tool Fungi KingdomOnline Analysis Tools - tools for identifying errors in your sequence; and, annotating genomes with specialized site for genome visualization, identiifying genomic. A review is provided of the current state of understanding of Colletotrichum systematics, focusing on species-level data and the major clades. Whole Genome Sequencing as a Tool for Species Identification of Clinical Strains of Mitis Group Streptococci. Rasmussen LH, Dargis R, H The Fascinating World of RNA Interference Int J Biol Sci. Nazrul Islam. 1, Nirupam Roy Choudhury. Qazi Mohd. Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi - 1. India. 2. Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi - 1. India. How. to cite this article. Comparative Analysis of RNA (CAR) » General discussion about Comparative Analysis of RNA, Structure models for reference RNA molecules. In computational biology gene prediction or gene finding refers to the process of identifying the regions of genomic DNA that encode genes. This includes protein. Lakshminarayana RV, Satyavathi VV, EA Siddiq and Nagaraju J (2014) Review of methods for the detection and quantification of adulteration of rice: Basmati as a. Worksheets from 'Modern Biology'. Naqvi AR, Islam MN, Choudhury NR, Haq. The Fascinating World of RNA Interference. Intron Prediction Tool FungicideInt J Biol Sci 2. Available from. http: //www. Abstract. Micro- and short- interfering RNAs represent small RNA family that are recognized as critical regulatory species across the eukaryotes. Recent high- throughput sequencing have revealed two more hidden players of the cellular small RNA pool. Reported in mammals and Caenorhabditis elegans respectively, these new small RNAs are named piwi- interacting RNAs (pi. RNAs) and 2. 1U- RNAs. Moreover, small RNAs including mi. RNAs have been identified in unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, redefining the earlier concept of multi- cellularity restricted presence of these molecules. The discovery of these species of small RNAs has allowed us to understand better the usage of genome and the number of genes present but also have complicated the situation in terms of biochemical attributes and functional genesis of these molecules. Nonetheless, these new pools of knowledge have opened up avenues for unraveling the finer details of the small RNA mediated pathways. Keywords: si. RNA, mi. RNA, pi. RNA, 2. 1- U RNA, dicer, argonaute, mirtron. Introduction. The basic research in molecular biology started with DNA, a molecule accommodating all the information required to generate new organism of its own kind. This was followed by an era of studies on proteins, the molecules conferring functionality to the cell. However, RNA largely remained ignored as a meager intermediate of the molecules carrying information and performing functions. On realization of the immense regulatory potential of these species recently, there has been a spurge in the study of the biology of RNA. Though different classes of RNA viz. This class of RNAs is now considered to govern diverse cellular processes across the eukaryotic kingdom. The discovery of double stranded RNA (ds. RNA) mediated transgene silencing by Fire et al. In spite of being different, these molecules have overlapping requirement of ds. RNA as precursor and association with Dicer . With the advent in the field, different types of si. RNAs e. g. These small RNAs are described in detail later in the text. Two newly discovered small RNAs, viz. While mi- and si- RNAs (including its classes) have been identified both in plants and animals, the presence of pi. RNAs and 2. 1- U RNAs is, so far, known to be limited to animals alone. The small RNA biogenesis involves the following major steps: (a) The genomic locus is transcribed by pol II / pol III/ pol IV enzymes leading to the formation of double stranded RNA structure . Alternatively, the RISC induces transcriptional silencing of corresponding locus by recruiting specific proteins . Along with the small RNA pool characterized in algae, the newly emerging pathway for mi. RNA biogenesis viz. These ds. RNAs are formed from any transcription event generating messages with complementary sequences or by some enzymatic activity capable of converting RNA from single strand to double strand (Figure 1, steps a, b). The prime molecule in si. RNA generation is Dicer, an RNase. III type endonuclease. Animals usually encode a single type of Dicer to generate various classes of small RNAs with exceptions of Drosophila and C. Plants on the other hand require multiple dicers. For example, Arabidopsis and Rice possess four and six different Dicer Like proteins (DCLs), respectively. In Arabidopsis, DCL 2, 3, 4 are involved in the generation of different si. RNA species while DCL1 is solely responsible for mi. RNA biogenesis. The activity of each dicer produces si. RNAs of characteristic length, e. DCL2, DCL3 and DCL4 generate 2. RNA species, respectively . Studies carried on Dicer mutants, in both plants and fungi, have allowed us to conclude that these proteins are functionally redundant. The functional redundancy among dicers has been studied in finer details in Arabidopsis, where different combinations of dicer mutants were analyzed on the basis of the size of si. RNAs . The si. RNA species associated with specific dicer were detected even when the parent dicer was debilitated by mutation. In such a case other dicer(s) may take over the function of the parental dicer, albeit with reduced activity. For instance, in Arabidopsis, DCL1 can produce 2. RNAs in dcl. 2dcl. DCL2 can generate tasi- RNAs in dcl. Another interesting outcome of these mutant studies was the observation of the existence of functional hierarchy among dicers. This was exemplified by the work on dcl. RNAs. However, Arabidopsis dcl. RNA accumulation was observed although to a lesser extent, clearly demonstrated that the efficacy of DCL4 to generate viral si. RNAs was significantly higher compared to that of DCL2 . Analysis of the data available till date strongly suggests that the hierarchy among dicers probably confers stringency to the si. RNA mediated pathway. Another important protein involved in si. RNA biogenesis in plants, fungi and C. The major function of this protein is to generate secondary si. RNAs, a step termed signal amplification in si. RNA pathway. Rd. RP can recognize aberrant RNA molecules to produce ds. RNAs either in a primer dependent or an independent manner. The ds. RNA molecules thus formed are later cleaved by downstream dicer activity. Dicer, in general, possess six domains viz., DEx. H Helicase, DUF2. PAZ, RNase IIIa, RNase IIIb and RNA Binding Domain (RBD, Figure 2, a). The crystal structures for few individual domains have been solved providing us opportunity to predict model for dicer activity. The role played by each domain is mentioned in the figure 2 along with the expanded form of the abbreviation used. RBD recognizes the duplex RNA structure while the PAZ domain binds to the 3. Dicer has been proposed to act as a single processing centre, where the RBD and the PAZ domains participate in association with RNA molecule and assist both the RNase III domains to come close to form an intra- molecular dimer . These RNase III domains juxtapose in a manner to cleave the ~2. RNA molecules from the ds RNA precursors. Figure 1. si. RNA pathway: Precursor ds. RNA are generated by either (a) RNA dependent RNA polymerase (Rd. RP) activity on aberrant transcripts or (b) transcript having full or partial complementarity. The RITS complex lead to transcriptional gene silencing that involves various proteins. The functions of few domains that have been predicted through crystal structures and mutant analysis are mentioned. This protein has three well characterized domains namely, PAZ, MID and PIWI domains (Figure 2, b). Both, animals and plants encode multiple Argonautes that participate in different RNAi pathways . Although not all the Argonaute proteins are characterized, the function of few members have been elucidated. For example, AGO2 and AGO1 are prominent members of si- and mi. RISC, respectively, in the plants and animals . In Arabidopsis, AGO4 plays a crucial role in generating rasi- RNAs that participate in RNA- directed DNA methylation . Similar to dicer, evidences suggest for the functional redundancy among these proteins. This was observed in Arabidopsis ago. Further support came from the studies demonstrating AGO1. Here, AGO1. 0 was shown to cleave the PHB transcripts under mi. R1. 65 guidance and thereby establishing the leaf polarity in the ago. Together with the accessory proteins, Argonaute senses the thermal stability of duplex si. RNA ends and initiates unwinding from the end with relatively lower thermal energy . Of the two strands, one that is retained with the protein complex (si. RISC) is called guide strand while the other (passenger strand) is destined to undergo degradation by exonucleases . In Arabidopsis, the single stranded mature si. RNAs are methylated by HEN1 activity thereby rendering stability to these . The single stranded small RNA loaded onto effector complex can be considered analogous to the prokaryotic restriction enzymes that act against any foreign nucleic acid. However, unlike the prokaryotic cellular defense mechanisms which are mediated by restriction enzymes, the small RNAs in eukaryotes can regulate even when the foreign DNA is transcribed to RNA, thus providing a molecular basis to the fact that eukaryotes are evolutionary superior to prokaryotes. On attaining the double- stranded conformation the guide strand of si- RISC activates Argonaute, the RNase activity of which acts specifically on the target sequence at the position complementary to 1. Animals like humans, flies etc., which lack Rd. RP, are devoid of these small RNA species. Tasi- RNAs resemble mi. RNAs both in size and function and are involved in targeting non- identical m. RNAs. It has been demonstrated that mi. RNA primed transcripts recruit Rd. RP that consequently generate tasi. RNAs, thereby setting an example of small RNAs mediated regulation of other small RNAs. For instance, mi. R3. 90 binds to and induces the Rd. RP activity on primary transcripts and convert them to long ds. RNA . In Arabidopsis, the six tasi. RNA genes are present that target Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) and MYB transcription factor . One of the recently identified tasi. RNA locus, TAS4, has been demonstrated to generate si. RNA that targets the transcript at a site which is different from the mi. R8. 28 cleavage site . This indicates towards the possibility of parallel evolution of tasi. RNA, mi. RNA and their common target in plants. In an alternate pathway, Rd. RP can also act on aberrant transcripts (usually viral transcripts) converting them to ds. Genome sequence of the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune : Nature Biotechnology : Nature Research. The genome of S. The assembly is contained on 3. Supplementary Table 2), which represent 1. We predict 1. 3,2. ESTs) and 6. 9% similar to proteins from other organisms (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). Clustering of the proteins of S. S. Analysis of these clusters suggested that 3. S. Notably, a similar percentage of proteins (3. S. Of these proteins, 4. S. The uniqueness of the S. The majority of genes are either expressed in all four stages (4,8. Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 7). Of the 1. 3,2. 10 predicted genes, 5. Supplementary Table 7). Fewer of the unique S. This is consistent with the observation that genes that are apparently unique to S. Venn diagrams show the overlap of genes expressed in the sense (a) and antisense (b) directions in the four developmental stages. For example, a shows that 6. I and stage II, 4,8. The bar at the top of the panel represents expression values between 0 and 3. TPM. Genes with expression values > 3. TPM are also indicated in red. The bar on the right indicates a cluster of 3. Annotation information for the genes in this cluster is given in Supplementary Table 1. Antisense transcription is a widespread phenomenon in S. Of the tags that could be related to a gene model, 1. Supplementary Tables 7 and 1. Northern hybridization with strand- specific probes confirmed the existence of antisense transcripts of sc. DOE JGI Protein ID 7. Whereas a relatively large number of genes expressed in the antisense direction are uniquely expressed in stage II (2,8. Fig. Our data suggest that 4,3. II (Fig. This overlap is larger for genes expressed during this phase of the life cycle than for the other developmental stages studied. Fruiting- body development. We performed an enrichment analysis of functional annotation for the expression profiles of the developmental stages defined by monokaryons, stage I aggregates, stage II primordia and mature fruiting bodies. Functional terms involved in protein or energy production, or associated with hydrophobins, are over- represented in genes upregulated during formation of stage I aggregates (Fig. Supplementary Table 9). Genes involved in signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, cell wall biogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism are enriched in the group of genes downregulated during the formation of stage I aggregates. These functional terms are enriched in the upregulated genes during formation of stage II primordia, whereas terms involved in protein and energy production are enriched in the downregulated genes (Fig. Supplementary Table 9). Genes encoding transcription factors and genes involved in amino acid, glucose and alcohol metabolism are enriched in the group of genes downregulated during the formation of mature fruiting bodies. As whole- genome expression was previously analyzed during mushroom formation in Laccaria bicolor. L. When we compared microarray expression profiles of free- living mycelium and mature fruiting bodies of L. We determined the correlation of changes in expression of the functional annotation terms to which these orthologous pairs belong. There were 1. 5 gene ontology terms, 2 KEGG terms, 4 KOG terms and 4 PFAM terms that showed a positive correlation in expression (P < 0. Supplementary Table 1. These terms include metabolic pathways (such as valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis) and regulatory mechanisms (such as transcriptional regulation by transcription factors and signal transduction by G- protein . This indicates that regulation of these processes during mushroom formation is conserved in S. Proteins encoded in these loci activate signaling cascades (Supplementary Results 3) upstream of target genes. The target genes include those encoding enzymes and proteins that fulfill structural functions, such as hydrophobins (Supplementary Results 4), needed for the formation of fruiting bodies. The mat. A locus of S. This locus consists of two subloci, A. Annotation revealed that the A. Supplementary Table 1. These two genes, aay. A homeodomain gene has also been identified previously in the A. Our genomic sequence revealed that this locus actually contains six predicted homeodomain genes: abq. HD1), abr. 6 (HD2), abs. HD1), abt. 6 (HD1, but lacking the nuclear localization signal), abu. HD1) and abv. 6 (HD2) (Fig. Supplementary Table 1. We identified an additional pheromone receptor gene, brl. Annotation of the genomic sequence of S. The mat. B locus comprises two linked loci, B. Previously, one pheromone receptor gene was identified in both B. The genome sequence of S. Three of these genes are located near bar. MPSS analysis shows that the brl genes are expressed (Supplementary Table 1. In fact, of all receptor and receptor- like genes, brl. Three and eight pheromone genes have previously been identified at the B. We identified one additional pheromone gene, named B pheromone–like- 5 (bpl. B. Moreover, four additional pheromone- like genes were detected at the B. Of these, only bpl. MPSS analysis (Supplementary Table 1. Previously, one of the pheromone genes (bbp. CEVM1. 2. This suggests that in S. Of these genes, 5. I aggregates, 2. 83 during formation of stage II aggregates and 2. We identified a cluster of monokaryon- specific transcription factors and a group of transcription factors upregulated in stage II primordia or in mature mushrooms, or both (Fig. The latter group includes fst. NCBI Protein ID: 2. NCBI Protein ID: 6. Zn(II)2. Cys. 6 zinc- finger DNA binding domain. These clusters are enlarged to the right of the heat map. The latter group contains two fungus- specific transcription factor genes, fst. We inactivated the fst. This suggests that Fst. S. As spatial and temporal regulation of fruiting- body formation and sporulation were not altered in the . Lower panels (b,d,f) show a magnification of part of the colonies shown in upper panels (a,c,e). Scale bar, 5 mm (b,d,f). Wood degradation by Schizophyllum commune. As a white- rot fungus. S. Lignin- degrading enzymes, which are commonly classified as FOLymes. LO families) and lignin- degrading auxiliary enzymes that generate H2. O2 for peroxidases (LDA families). The LO family consists of laccases (LO1), lignin peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, versatile peroxidases (LO2) and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs; LO3). The genome lacks genes encoding peroxidases of the LO2 family. However, it contains a CDH gene (LO3), two laccase genes (LO1) and 1. LDA genes, including four genes encoding glucose oxidases (LDA6) and benzoquinone reductases (LDA7) (Table 1). In contrast, it has fewer FOLymes than either the coprophilic fungus Coprinopsis cinerea and the white- rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which are predicted to possess 4. Regarding polysaccharide degradation, S. The Carbohydrate- Active Enzyme database (CAZy) identified 2. S. Compared to the genomes of other basidiomycetes, S. The pectinolytic capacity of S.
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Provide tourism research and statistics to guide policy development and support business marketing and decision- making. Effectively coordinate with other Australian Government agencies, and the states and territories. Programme 1. 1 highlights. Trade. 78 per cent of Australian organisations indicated that Austrade made a positive contribution to their international business activities. Australian organisations indicated that they achieved some form of commercial outcome as a result of working with Austrade. Austrade worked with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to commence delivery of an Australia- wide free trade agreement seminar series that shows how companies can take advantage of the trade agreements with Japan, Korea and China. Relevant ministers and Austrade's senior trade commissioners have given presentations at seminars held to date. Austrade published E- commerce in China: A guide for Australian business and began work on an outreach programme promoting e- commerce as a major new avenue to the China market. Education. Austrade began work on a long- term market development plan for the education and training sector, called Australian International Education 2. Australia's economy, society and international standing. Want to build the leaderships skills, knowledge & networks to successfully engage your business with Asia? Apply for the Asialink Leaders Program today. Aii twins in nigeria and africa must honour and celebrate mary slessor.cos she is reason why we are existing. Austrade continued to expand the reach of the Future Unlimited brand, with 7. Top 2. 00 CRICOS- registered organisations in Australia covered by Future Unlimited brand licences. Investment. Austrade shared 3. Australia within the Government's five investment priority sectors. Austrade conducted 1. Minister for Trade and Investment in 1. Austrade was given nomination responsibilities for the Significant Investor Visa and a new Premium Investor Visa. Recipients of the John Monash Scholarships are recognised as John Monash Scholars. Our University & Postgraduate Scholarships are awarded to The AustralianSuper Trustee Board is made up of six member representatives and six employer representatives. Asialink Business China Practice Launched. Asialink Business is proud to announce the launch of its new China Practice, a leading centre of excellence for practical business engagement with China, led by Director Nick Henderson. Austrade worked with the Department of Immigration and Border Protection on the design of the new complying investment framework for both programmes. Tourism. In 2. 01. Austrade provided assistance to five major tourism projects, progressing more than $2 billion worth of development that will support 1. Austrade delivered seven tourism employment plans in key 'hot spot' regions that are experiencing acute labour and skills pressures. Austrade's tourism research and information indicated that it helped support their marketing and business decisions. Business missions. Austrade supported Australian businesses and institutions at international business events around the world, including Australia Business Week in India. This year, Austrade organised 1. Australian companies and 6. Australian delegates. Austrade progressed its global value chains strategy, including through a minister- led aerospace mission to Singapore. A number of participants are in advanced negotiations with their Singapore counterparts on taking part in their multinational supply chains. Online. There were more than 1. Austrade's website, www. The website is a valuable source of information and market intelligence to exporters, international students and overseas businesses seeking suppliers. Deliverables and key performance indicators. This section includes narrative discussion, case studies and other specific examples that demonstrate Austrade's performance against its deliverables and key performance indicators for the year. Tables 2 and 3 summarise the results for programme 1. Austrade's 2. 01. Portfolio Budget Statements. Table 2: Summary of results for programme 1. Deliverables. Australia's export and other economic interests are maximised through a strategic approach. Austrade works with other Australian Government agencies, state and territory governments, and industry associations on the planning and execution of work programmes to provide a coordinated approach to assist Australian businesses to take advantage of identified opportunities and broaden Austrade's impact and reach. In international markets, work programmes target international business opportunities that align with Australian industries' comparative advantage. Within Australia, Austrade uses its unique commercial information and insight gathered within its international and domestic network to provide government with policy advice and economic information. Austrade's deliverables are as follows: Assist Australian businesses and institutions to access in- market opportunities identified by Austrade and others, through the provision of relevant and commercially useful information and market- related services and advice. In Asia, Austrade promotes foreign direct investment only in countries with deep capital markets. In 2. 01. 4–1. 5, drawing on its commercial knowledge, its international network, and its relationships and connections with international customers, investors and decision- makers, Austrade identified valuable trade and other international business opportunities for Australian businesses and institutions that matched their capability, capacity and interest. See page 3. 2. During the year, Austrade advised exporters on the most promising markets for their business, provided services–such as market research and identifying and establishing contact with potential partners, service providers and customers–and provided global value chain and e- commerce access advice and programmes. See page 3. 6In 2. Austrade worked with other countries to improve their regulatory and governance systems by learning from the Australian experience and promoting Australian policy and regulatory frameworks as solutions to foreign governments. This also provided Australian exporters with a competitive edge, as shown in Austrade's work in delivering Australian road safety expertise and services in India. See page 8. 6. Through these networks, Austrade identifies significant or emerging international business opportunities, and connects Australian businesses with them. Feedback from the businesses that Austrade works with indicates that they value the agency's ability to help them gain access to these networks. See page 8. 3Assist and facilitate Australian businesses' and institutions' participation at international business events and in minister- led overseas business delegations. In 2. 01. 4–1. 5, Austrade organised 1. Australian companies and 6. Australian delegates. See page 1. 03. By participating in these missions, Australian businesses can connect with potential international customers and investors and achieve commercial outcomes. For example, 9. 0 per cent of the 4. Australia Business Week in India mission expect a commercial outcome in the next year. See page 8. 4Assist Australian firms and institutions with 'behind the border' barriers to trade and investment, consistent with legal obligations, including anti- bribery and corruption laws both in Australia and overseas. In such markets, the value of the badge of government is highest. In 2. 01. 4–1. 5, Austrade continued to work with Australian firms in overseas markets to help them navigate different business cultures and languages and local regulatory requirements, and provided advice on how to engage local customers and authorities. Austrade also promoted market access improvements for services exporters arising from the North Asia free trade agreements that have entered into force. See page 9. 4Austrade worked closely with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Agriculture to influence policy development in Australia's trading partners to try to reduce regulatory barriers and provide a competitive advantage to Australian exporters. See page 1. 03. Austrade collaborated with other Australian Government agencies, business groups, chambers of commerce and other organisations on anti- bribery programmes in support of the work of the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development and Transparency International. See page 1. 42. Provide Australian business and education providers with quality referrals to third- party professional and business service providers to assist them in complex and unfamiliar international service markets. In 2. 01. 4–1. 5, Austrade provided 8. Australian organisations. See page 3. 6Help increase demand for Australia's education services, particularly transnational education, by positioning Australia as a provider of high- quality services to international students, including through the Future Unlimited brand, in order to assist in building a sustainable Australian international education sector. Titled Australian International Education 2. See page 5. 1. This includes 2. Australian institutions and 1. Professor Stephanie Watson - The University of Sydney. Biographical details. Stephanie is a clinician researcher and innovator. She is head of the Ocular Repair Group at the Save Sight Institute and an NHMRC Career Development Fellow. She led her team to first prize in the Best Health Innovation Product Idea. In 2. 01. 5, she was awarded first prize for the Medical Device Commercialisation Training Program, ATP Innovations and the NSW Office for Health and Medical Research. Organisations that have funded her research include the NHMRC, Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia, Australian Stem Cell Centre, University of Sydney, University of New South Wales, Keratoconus Australia, Sydney Eye Hospital Foundation, and Fight for Sight UK. She has published 1. Stephanie has given over 1. She has been a Pride of Australia award nominee, an UNSW Early stage innovation award finalist and received a commendation from the Vice Chancellor of the University of New South Wales. She received the Gustav Nossal Medical and Dental Post- graduate Research NHMRC scholarship; this is awarded to the highest ranked applicant. She has also received awards from Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (RANZCO), Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society, and was awarded the . ARVO is the largest and most respected eye research organization in the world. She was selected for ARVOs first leadership development programme for women. Highlights include features on the ABC's Insight program, Catalyst. TV program, the New York Times and in the bright ideas section of the Qantas . As well as in the BBC news, Al Jarezza, The Australian and in the national news on Channel 7, 1. SBS. She has appointments as at the Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney Children's and Prince of Wales Hospital, and St Vincent’s Private Hospital. During her Ph. D studies she developed a new therapy for dry eye and corneal ulcer; resulting in an international patent. She completed sub- speciality training at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London in cornea and cataract. She is a fellow of RANZCO. She is a member of the ARVO Strategic Global Partnerships working committee; RANZCO congress programme committee; RANZCO therapeutics committee member, and curriculum review committee for Evidence Based Medicine, RANZCO. Research interests. Clin Prof Watson leads a research program focused on innovative solutions for ocular repair and regeneration. Teaching and supervision. Ophthalmology. Current projects. Ocular Repair Group. Group leader: Clinical Professor Stephanie Watson. Prof Watson is supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (APP1. OCULAR INFECTIONSerious Ocular Infections Project. Team: Professor Stephanie Watson, Dr Dana Robaei, Associate Professor Alex Hunyor, Mr Eamon Brown. Ocular infection can irreversibly damage the eyes structures resulting in vision loss and even blindness. Prompt use of appropriate antimicrobials can preserve vision. Antimicrobial resistance is emerging as a significant problem. Rational antimicrobial use for ocular infection has the potential to save sight. We aim to determine the pattern of pathogenic microbes and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in the most common, serious and sight- threatening infections encountered in the field of ophthalmology, namely endophthalmitis (infection of the globe) and microbial keratitis (infection of the cornea). To save sight we will develop Australian guidelines for anti- viral therapy for this infection. Sutures however have a number of significant disadvantages, including acting as a nidus for infection. The team has developed an innovative laser- activated chitosan bioadhesive that can be rapidly applied to the eye and has a high burst pressure. It is also capable of delivering anti- infective and anti- inflammatory agents to wounds. FIGHT CORNEAL BLINDNESS PROJECTSave Sight Registries Keratoconus Module. Team: Professor Stephanie Watson, Associate Professor Mark Daniell, Dr Daniel Barthelmes, Dr Martina Bosch, Dr John Males, Dr Yves Kerdraon. This project will utilise technology of the Fight Retinal Blindness Project led by Prof Mark Gilles, Save Sight Institute, to develop a national registry to collect high quality data outcomes from patients in clinical settings on the corneal cross- linking. Nationally we are partnering with Prof Mark Daniell, CERA, Victoria and our international partners Dr Martina Bosch and Dr Daniel Barthelmes are based in Switzerland. National data collected with ourworld- leading technology will be used to formulate evidence based management guidelines, evaluate new interventions and report patient related outcomes. DRY EYE AND BLEPHARITISNovel treatments. Team: Professor Stephanie Watson, Dr Ken Ooi. Dry eye and blepharitis (eyelid inflammation) are the commonest eye disorders, affecting up to 4. Many continue to suffer despite available therapies. We have developed a novel therapy and in a pilot clinical trial showed success in treating blepharitis with dry eye. We now have funding from the Ophthalmic Research Institute of Australia to investigate this group further. Stem cell repair. Team: A/Professor Nick Di Girolamo, Professor Stephanie Watson. Professor Watson and Associate Professor Di Girolamo have developed novel and world first stem cell transplantation techniques that have successfully restored sight to patients. Stem cells are needed to restore clear vision and comfort to the ocular surface. Current research is focussing on the factors to promote stem cell repair of the ocular surface. IDE Group. Awarded as first prize in the . Asialink Leaders Programme. Young investigator award, Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society. The New Inventors, ABC Television, for Autologous ex vivo cultured limbal epithelial cell transplantation. In the media. Medical Devices Fund award night, NSW Healthhttps: //www. PZw. 6I& feature=youtu. Save Sight Registries: Keratoconus module, radio interview November 2. August 2. 01. 4http: //www. Channel 7 news, Watching out for work place dangers. July 3. 0th 2. 01. Mivision, http: //www. Insight, SBS Television, Stem cell therapy, July 1. UE, Regenerative Medicine, July 2. Solutions for sore eyes, You Tube videohttp: //www. Jt. UIOd. 0A0o. Science Radio, Stem cell therapies, 2. Bright Ideas, Qantas Inflight Magazine, June 2. Catalyst, ABC Television, March 2. Women in Ophthalmology, Insight, April 2. RYDSPFu. WFDM. The New Inventors. Grand Final Episode 4. The New Inventors. Episode 3. 0http: //www. Australian Stem Cell Centre. News. Events/News/1millionawarded. News. Events/News/ABCNew. Inventors. Winner. Stem. Cellsfor. Eye. Repair. aspx. Australian optometry, August 2. AOAugust. 20. 11/. UNSWTVhttp: //tv. Uniken, University of New South Wales. Uniken. July. August. Uniken. July. August. UNSW Web Front page story. Blind. For support on your academic profile contact . 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As Chris Clark isn't adding anything new to this particular style of music and melody is basically an afterthought, it's up to his arrangements to provide a unique atmosphere. Unfortunately, he doesn't have a mastery of pacing or sequencing, or he simply chose a somewhat bland blueprint for the album's layout. From track to track, the music shifts through inspirations such as those mentioned above, drifts decidedly into ambient Seefeel territory for better or worse, and occasionally provokes an emotional response. The effect is such that one can't help but see Clark as a follower or mimic operating in a genre that's past its peak. Released a time when IDM forefathers like Richard D. James, Mike Paradinas, and Autechre have to struggle, and sometimes stumble, themselves to innovate and generate an audience, Empty the Bones of You brings to mind fond memories of days of electronica past, but fails to add anything new to the equation. Still, with stronger material and a more adventurous scheme, Clark's obvious skills as an engineer and producer would most likely bear exquisite fruit. Write a C program to find greatest and second greatest number 1 Comment Mark September 17, 2016. Here is the C program to find lcm and hcf or two numbers. Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked. C program to find greatest number among three numbers C program to find out whether a given year is a leap year or not C++ Program to print three numbers in descending order. C Program to Find HCF and LCM of Two Numbers. To find the HCF and LCF of two number in c programming. C Programming Code to Find HCF and LCM of Two Numbers Following C program ask to the user to enter any two number to find HCF & LCM. Finding the HCF and LCM of two numbers BY HAND hackingmathsOFFICIAL Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 859 859 Loading. Add to Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Product of any two numbers = product of their LCM and HCF We have been asked to find the sum of reciprocals of the said numbers. Here let number be a and b. A simple C++ program to find the hcf and lcm of two given numbers. A simple C++ program to find the hcf and lcm of two given numbers. Skip navigation Upload Sign in Search. Program to find LCM /** * C program to find LCM of any two numbers */ #include <stdio.h> int main() C Program to Find LCM of two Numbers. The LCM of two integers n. For example: the LCM of 7. Example #1: LCM using while Loop and if Statement. The LCM of two numbers cannot be less than min. Multiple. The test expression of while loop is always true (1). In each iteration, whether min. Multiple is perfectly divisible by n. If this test condition is not true, min. Multiple is incremented by 1 and the iteration continues until the test expression of if statement is true. The LCM of two numbers can also be found using the formula. LCM = (num. 1*num. GCD. Learn more on, how to find the GCD of two numbers in C programming. Example #2: LCM Calculation by Finding GCD#include < stdio. Finding the HCF and LCM of two numbers BY HANDIn this episode of hackingmaths we show you how to find the Highest Common Factor and the Lowest Common Multiple by hand. If there are any tutorials that you would like to see email us at hackingmaths at gmail dot com and we'll do our best to accommodate you. Parking Lot WB- 4. Parking lot autocad blocks in description. Autocad Details dwg and dxf formatted CAD Detail files available for free. Samples of Parking Lots <page 1><Commercial. Parking Bumper (Precast. Vehicle Tracking swept path analysis software, formerly AutoTrack, supports parking lot design, airport design, roundabout design, and light rail design.
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Pershing descends from a long series of heavy and “universal tank” prototypes, dating back from 1. During the war, heavy tank development had been long delayed or given low priority since the need of the US, USMC and Allied forces required a mass- built, good- all- around medium tank, which turned out into the M4 Sherman. By 1. 94. 4, high command was aware of the limitation of the M4 when facing German tanks. By mid- 1. 94. 4, both the British and US had undertaken upgrades in armor and guns on the Sherman, and developed tank- hunters instead of mass- producing a brand new model. However, by the fall of 1. M2. 6 was eventually pushed forward for production. But it was a bit too late. The Pershing saw little combat and mostly soldiered during the Cold War, starting with Korea. At last, the crews had the ideal tank to deal with German armor, but historians and authors still debate about the causes of such delays. Could the Pershing had been a game changer, if introduced earlier? T2. 0 prototype (1. Development started as an upgrade for the M4 in 1. This new tank had common features with earlier models, notably the characteristic suspension (VVSS) bogies, roadwheels, return rollers, drive sprockets and idlers, as well as a rear- mounted Continental air- cooled radial engine and front sprocket drive. As early as the spring of 1. M4 production started, so did the development of the next model due to replace it. By May 1. 94. 2, a mock- up of the T2. Army Ordnance also ordered the development of the M6 heavy tank, which would prove a dead end. The main feature of the T2. Ford GAN V- 8 combined with a rear transmission and rear sprocket drive layout. This engine was an early attempt to produce a V1. Rolls Royce Merlin, but development was stopped and the engine was turned into a smaller V8. Other improvements included a sturdier horizontal volute spring suspension (HVSS), a longer barrel version of the 7. M1. A1), and 7. 6. Weight and width were very similar to the M4, allowing transportation in similar conditions. However, the T2. 0 also pioneered the Torqmatic transmission, which proved highly problematic during trials. T2. 2 and T2. 3 prototypes. Problems with the Torqmatic dictated a return to the M4 transmission, and resulted in the T2. In 1. 94. 3, the need to replace the M4 was not apparent, and the U. S. Army Ordnance decided to test several electrical systems on the next T2. An electrical transmission was also being tested by Porsche at the same time in Germany, and had the advantage of giving a more quick response and flexibility in torque when dealing with rugged and hilly terrain. General Electric pioneered this system, coupling a generator to two traction motors. The Ordnance Department lobbied for their production and, after an initial series of prototypes, ordered a full series of medium tanks fitted with the new 7. M1. A1 gun. These entered service but, because of maintenance and supply problems, only operated on U. S. The T2. 3 cast turret was compatible with the M4 turret ring and allowed tests for several features. Overall, 2. 50 were delivered between November 1. January 1. 94. 5. The M4. E6 introduced in the summer of 1. M1. A1 7. 6 mm (3 in) gun, too long for the regular M4 turret. The T2. 5 and T2. The T2. 5 was a new design, up- armored and up- gunned. This was done as it was clear, after the first encounters with German upgraded Panzer IVs, Panthers and Tigers, that the M4 was less up to the task than previously thought. The debate was heated, but finally a breach opened and clear- cut decisions were taken after the reports came from Normandy. Meanwhile, a series of T2. T2. 3, in order to accommodate a 9. The T2. 6 added to this upgraded armor, with a new 1. Their overall weight rose to 3. Performance decreased, and triggered reliability and maintenance issues, as their engine and transmission were not designed to cope with the additional stress. The T2. 5 displayed VVSS suspensions while the T2. M2. 6. The T2. 6E1 was the prototype upon which the upgraded production version T2. E3 was based on. After a small pre- series, this was standardized as the M2. M2. 6 design. Compared to the Sherman and previous models, the Pershing was revolutionary. The new Wright engine and short transmission gave it a low profile, as opposed to the Sherman. The glacis plate was one of the thickest ever fitted on an American tank, the torsion bar system conferred a noticeably better ride and was a league forward of the tractor- based VVSS, as well as simpler than the HVSS. The large tracks fitted with soft steel shoes contributed to lowering the ground pressure and gave better grip on soft terrains. Above them, two wide mudguards mounted large storage bins for tooling, spares and equipment. The drivetrain, modeled and tested on the T2. They were connected to the torsion bar by the way of an eclectic spindle, and each was also connected to a bumpstop, which limited the motion of the arm. Three out of six received extra shock absorbers. There was also one idler (identical to the roadwheels) at the front and one sprocket at the rear, on each side. The idlers could be precisely adjusted to the track thanks to a large notch. This meant that the idler could be displaced forward or backward and thus change the track tension. There were also five return rollers. The tracks were a new model, but rather classic in appearance, each link being articulated with wedge bolts and having a two- piece centerguide. These were also rubberized. Construction called for large cast sections, front and rear, attached to the hull sides and welded together. Another cast section went across the engine deck for better strength. There was an infantry telephone fitted on the back panel of the engine compartment, inside an armored box. Infantrymen could then communicate with the tank, for close support, even in the midst of battle. The engine compartment was covered by eight armored grids, four openings total, only reachable when the turret was turned by 9. The two rearward ones granted access to the engine, while the two forward ones allowed access to the left and right fuel tanks, the right being shorter to make room for the auxiliary engine and electric generator. There was also a semi- automatic fire extinguishing system. Also on the engine deck was located the radiator filler cap and gun travel lock. The transmission had three speeds forward and one reverse. The differential operated three drumbrakes on each side. The M3. 6 commander’s cupola had a one piece hatch and six direct vision prisms made of thick bulletproof glass, inserted inside the cupola bulge. In practice, the hatch had the tendency to jump loose and a field experiment later passed into general practice consisted of drilling holes into it. The top of the hatch mounted a periscope and the entire structure moved freely around a fixed azimuth scale. When inside, the commander had a lever for traversing the turret left or right. Just behind him was mounted the SCR 5- 2. Due to its lengthwise position, a mirror allowed the commander to use the commands at hand. The gunner had an M1. M7. 1 auxiliary telescope with x. The M3 9. 0 mm (3. The gun also had an elevation handle and, just behind it, a manual trigger, in case of failure of the electrical fire system. There was also a gear change lever, for choosing the manual or hydraulic option for the traverse. At a lower position was found the manual traverse lock, when the turret was reversed and gun lowered and attached for transportation. The gun had a classic percussion fire system and manual breech. The loader also fired the cal. Just left of him were the ready racks, for ten rounds of various types for immediate use. Additional stowage inside six floor compartments was used. He also had a pistol port. The driver and assistant driver both had sprung suspended seats and single- piece hatches. The driver had a rotatable periscope, immediate access to the semi- automatic fire extinguisher to his left and a brake release. The instrument panel counted (in order) five circuit breakers, a fuel gauge, a lever for fuel tank selector, electrical starter, electrical gauge, tachometer, personal heater, differential settings, fuel cut- off emergency button, panel light trigger, main lights, speedometer, oil pressure & engine temperature gauges, as well as several lamp indicators. The two brake levers had no neutral positions. The turning radius was about 2. The assistant driver was in charge of the bow machine- gun, a ball- mount cal. The turret roof also housed, near to the commander cupola, a multi- purpose cal. Ammunition racks for it and the coaxial cal. Production and controversy. It is a known fact that the actual production of the T2. E3 preseries, which was standardized in March as the M2. November 1. 94. 4 at the Fischer Tank Arsenal. Only ten were built this first month. Then it raised to 3. December and gained momentum in January 1. February. Added to this, the Detroit Tank Arsenal also joined this effort, releasing some additional tanks in March 1. From then, around 2. In total about 2. WW2. Although months were needed to train crews and maintenance teams, the first real operations began in western Germany in February- March 1. The controversy came with the legitimate question about the well- documented inefficiency of the M4 Sherman against German armor after 1. US Army failed to field a new tank model in time, since the T2. The debate was resurrected recently (in 1. Belton Y. Cooper, the same officer that militated for the development of the Super Pershing and its use in combat, because of his book “Death traps”. Several historians, like Richard P. Hunnicut, Georges Forty and Steven S. Zaloga specifically pointed to the responsibility of the ground forces head, General Lesley Mc. Nair, in this matter of fact. Depending on the these opinions, several factors contributed to these delays: - The development of tank destroyers alongside regular M4s and based on the same chassis (Mc. German tech and design in WW2, page 1 Germans are credited with much inovative technological designs , but they have a curious history. It seems that some of the best tech was ignored. Hitler didn't believe in it.. V weapon to win the war'.. FOr example the work on jet engines began before the war and progressed and could have been fielded mid war had it been given the priority that it. Missiles designed for shooting down planes or even ships may sound unacceptably expensive but consider the alternative. In 1. 94. 3 British. TO. put that in perspective a Tiger I or II tank cost about 3. Rm.. so every bomber shot down in 1. TIger II tanks. So had such weapons been developed they could have saved the germans lots of money to spend on other weapons. But Hitler thought jets were unnessesary. Heres another more obscure example. THis was a low pressure gun developed from the basic 8. HEAT tiped grenades with fins . It weight as much as a 3. ATG but fired a Pz. Schreck type HEAT shell . At only 6. 00kg of low stressed metal it could have been easly built at a rate of 1. Finally One of the most serious problems that plagued german tank programs was the lack of special ammo to deal with heavy armor. In allies camps the. AP shots, fired through 'sabot's . THis penetrated obsene amounts of armor at short range, but lost velocity and penetration rapidly. This was due. to the poor carrier design. Initially the germans attempted the same but ran out of supplies of Tungsten carbide.. Uranium could. be used as an adequate substitue. Had they recognised that earlier it would have helped them, however they had a more devistating solution right under. THe allies followed a french design . But these had problems with accuracy that turned out to be the way in which the pelts seperate. THis was finally solved by the. Canadian research after the war and lead to the 2. APDS in the mid 1. The solution envolved using . But the germans had already developed a series of . In practice an 8. Muzzle velocities and ceilings. Only later in the war did they consider doing the same for AP rounds but none were ready. Further more the germans developed finstablized AP rounds decades ahead of every one else. At the start of the war they developed a low velocity long. Although they had a velocity of 7. France. After their astounding performance Hitler forbade their use incase the design fell into enemy hands Had they made the simple connection this could have been the basis of a series of very effective long rod penetrators . In modern research penetration efficency is defined by projectile lenght and the originals penetrated almost 1. Now a subcaliber projectile for say a 7. Pz- IV would get a penetration efficency of close. Such a projectile would have a muzzle velocity of around 1. This is the. same penetration as the Panthers gun. Like wize the Panthers gun penetration would be raised to the level of the Tiger II, 8. L7. 1 gun. The same round on a 8. L7. 1 gun on a Tiger II should penetrate the frontal armor of the IS- II at estimated range of 2. IS- III at ~6. 00- 1. The adding of a small uraninum slug in the nose would extend this penetration into the IS- III to a estimated 2- 3km. Again given actual rounds were in use in howitzers in 1. Tungsten Carbide dried up. |
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